Use of the Maslach Burnout Inventory Among Public Health Care Professionals: Scoping Review.

BACKGROUND: Work can be considered a source of living, well-being, and socioeconomic development. When the work environment negatively influences individuals, it may trigger emotional disturbances, behavioral problems, chronic stress conditions, and illnesses such as burnout syndrome (BS). Recently, studies on BS have increased and placed a special focus on health care professionals. The prevalence of BS among health professionals is associated with their chronic exposure to human hardship and long working hours without proper rest. These factors have contributed to greater stress and high physical and emotional exhaustion levels. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to identify and map studies using the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) scale to identify burnout syndrome in health professionals working in public health services. METHODS: This scoping review was developed based on the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Reviewers Manual and reported according to the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews). A total of 6 databases were searched to identify relevant studies: Embase, LILACS, MEDLINE or PubMed, PsycInfo, Scopus, and Web of Science. Gray literature was consulted on ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global, Google Scholar, Brazilian Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations, and Open Access Theses and Dissertations. Additionally, the reference lists were searched to retrieve studies not previously selected. The steps followed in this study were proposed by Arskey and O'Malley and Levac, Colquhoun, and O'Brien: identification of research questions, identification of potential studies, study selection, data extraction and imputation, data analyses and interpretation, and consultation with stakeholders. The detailed methodology was published in a protocol. RESULTS: A total of 55 articles were identified after screening for eligibility criteria, published between 1999 and 2021 in 32 countries. Most reports were published in Brazil, Spain, and China. A total of 22 versions of the MBI were identified, presenting different items, scores, and cutoff points. The included studies had recommendations and implications for clinical practice. The consultation with stakeholders allowed knowledge translation for those interested in BS. CONCLUSIONS: Studies mostly included physicians (34/55, 61.8%) and nurses (24/55, 43.6%), and the original version of MBI was predominantly used. Divergences in BS classification were highlighted, which may be related to MBI cross-cultural adaptations and applications in other countries. This study contributes to the advancement of research regarding burnout syndrome as an occupational illness since it has harmful consequences for workers, health care services, and the quality of care provided to the population.

Graduação em saúde coletiva: o que dizem os projetos pedagógicos / Graduation in public health: what the pedagogical projects say / Graduación en salud colectiva: lo que dicen los proyectos pedagógicos

O objeto de estudo desta dissertação é a formação do sanitarista no nível de graduação. Delimita-se na história dos cursos de graduação em saúde coletiva e no desenho formativo realizado para a nova profissão. Objetiva-se analisar a formação na graduação em saúde coletiva dos cursos existentes no Brasil à luz dos projetos pedagógicos dos cursos. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo e exploratório com abordagem documental, utilizando o método da análise de conteúdo. Depois da análise de 22 projetos, os resultados demonstraram uma abertura gradual dos cursos, com concentração entre 2008 e 2009, sendo o último aberto em 2019, e que estão organizados em maior número na região Norte, com 27,3%. A maioria dos cursos segue ou se adequou às Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais do Curso de Graduação em Saúde Coletiva (DCNsCGSC), com predominância de carga horária igual ou superior a 3.200 horas, duração de oito a nove semestres e média de quatro anos, havendo turno noturno em 45,5% dos cursos. A oferta média é de 1.864 vagas/ano, 68% dos cursos são oferecidos por universidades federais, e 77,3% deles recebem a nomenclatura de bacharelado em saúde coletiva. Dos 18 cursos avaliados pelo Ministério da Educação (MEC), 67% são avaliados com conceito 5. A formação permite uma construção do conhecimento de forma gradativa a partir das bases da saúde coletiva. Os cursos articulam-se com os serviços e os sistemas de saúde do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) e com a comunidade através de aulas práticas, estágios, pesquisa e projetos de extensão, fortalecendo o contato prático dos alunos com situações reais de saúde da população. Conclui-se que, embora o país esteja vivenciando uma crise na educação superior, os cursos de graduação em saúde coletiva estão na contramão dessa realidade. Apesar de as DCNsCGSC não estarem em vigor devido à não publicação pelo MEC em Diário Oficial, os cursos estão em conformidade com elas. A formação segue as bases da saúde coletiva, de modo que cumpre o objetivo de fortalecimento do SUS para a formação de recursos humanos em saúde.

The object of study of this dissertation is the training of the public health professional at the undergraduate level. It is delimited in the history of undergraduate courses in public health and in the training design carried out for the new profession. The objective is to analyze the undergraduate training in public health of the existing courses in Brazil in the light of the pedagogical projects of the courses. This is a qualitative and exploratory study with a document approach, using the method of content analysis. After analyzing 22 projects, the results showed a gradual opening of courses, with a concentration between 2008 and 2009, with the last one being in 2019, and which were organized in greater numbers in the Northern region, with 27.3%. Most courses follow or fit the National Curriculum Guidelines of the Undergraduate Course in Public Health (DCNCGSC), with a predominance of hours equal to or greater than 3,200 hours, duration of eight to nine semesters, and an average of four years, with night classes in 45.5% of the courses. The average offer is 1,864 places/year, 68% of the courses are offered by federal universities, and 77.3% of them receive the name of bachelor in public health. Of the 18 courses evaluated by the Ministry of Education (MEC), 67% are evaluated with a grade of 5. Training allows a gradual construction of knowledge based on the foundations of public health. The courses are articulated with health services and systems of the Unified Health System (SUS) and with the community with practical classes, internships, research, and extension projects, strengthening students' practical contact with real health situations in the population. Therefore, although the country is experiencing a crisis in higher education, the undergraduate courses in public health are going against this reality. Although the DCNsCGSC are not in force due to the non-publication by the MEC in the Official Gazette, the courses are in accordance with them. The training follows the basis of collective health so that it fulfills the objective of strengthening the SUS for the training of human resources in health.

El objeto de estudio de esta tesis es la formación de profesionales de la salud pública en el grado. Se hace una delimitación de la trayectoria de los cursos de grado en salud colectiva y el diseño formativo realizado para la nueva profesión. La investigación pretende analizar la formación de grado en salud colectiva en Brasil a partir de los proyectos pedagógicos de los cursos. Se trata de un estudio cualitativo y exploratorio, de enfoque documental, y con el método de análisis de contenido. Del análisis de 22 proyectos, los resultados muestran que hubo una ampliación gradual de los cursos en el período entre 2008 y 2009, la última se llevó a cabo en 2019, y que entre las regiones brasileñas donde se concentran destaca más el Norte, con un 27,3%. La mayoría de los cursos siguen o se ajustan a las Directrices Curriculares Nacionales de la Carrera de Grado en Salud Colectiva (DCNsCGSC), tienen carga horaria igual o superior a 3.200 horas, con una duración de ocho a nueve semestres y un promedio de cuatro años, con jornada nocturna en el 45,5%. La oferta promedio es de 1.864 vacantes/año, el 68% de los cursos son en universidades federales y el 77,3% llevan el nombre Licenciatura en Salud Colectiva. De los 18 cursos evaluados por el Ministerio de Educación (MEC), el 67% recibieron calificación 5. La formación permite construir paulatinamente conocimientos a partir de las bases de la salud colectiva. Los cursos se articulan con los servicios y redes de salud del Sistema Único de Salud (SUS) brasileño y con la comunidad mediante clases prácticas, pasantías, proyectos de investigación y extensión, fortaleciendo el contacto de los alumnos con situaciones reales de salud de la población. Se concluye que, aunque el país viva una crisis en la educación superior, las carreras de grado en salud colectiva van en sentido contrario a esta realidad. Si bien las DCNsCGSC no se encuentran vigentes todavía, porque hace falta que el MEC las publique en el Diario Oficial, los cursos están de acuerdo con ellas. La formación sigue las bases de la salud colectiva, de modo que cumpla el objetivo de fortalecer el SUS para la formación de recursos humanos en salud.

O ensino na graduação em saúde coletiva: o que dizem os projetos pedagógicos / Undergraduate teaching in public health: what the pedagogical projects say

Resumo Em 2017, para nortear o currículo de ensino, são apresentadas as Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais do Curso de Graduação em Saúde Coletiva (DCNsCGSC). Com o objetivo de analisar o ensino nos cursos de graduação em saúde coletiva no brasil à luz dos projetos pedagógicos, realizamos um estudo qualitativo e exploratório com abordagem documental, utilizando o método da análise de conteúdo. Depois da análise de 22 projetos, observou-se que a maioria dos cursos segue ou se adequou (31,8%) às DCNsCGSC quanto a carga horária total, estágio, trabalho de conclusão e atividades complementares. A nomenclatura bacharelado em saúde coletiva é a principal denominação (77,3%). A maioria dos cursos está na região Norte (27,%) e em instituições federais (68,5%). Sobre o ensino, foram identificadas 274 citações de componentes obrigatórios com o termo de referência das subáreas da saúde coletiva. Desses, o eixo de políticas, planejamento e gestão em saúde, representa 66,42% (182) dos componentes e as ciências sociais e humanas em saúde 9,50% (26). O estudo elucidou como é realizado o ensino na graduação, agregando reflexões sobre a convergência das DCNsCGSC. Além disso, revela possíveis lacunas dos conteúdos de ensino necessários à formação para a atuação profissional, sobretudo para a consolidação do Sistema Único de Saúde.

Abstract To standardize the teaching curriculum, the National Curriculum Guidelines for the Undergraduate Course in Public Health (DCNsCGSC) were set up in 2017. A qualitative and exploratory study with a documental approach was conducted, using the content analysis method, to analyze teaching in undergraduate courses in Public Health in Brazil in the light of Pedagogical Projects. After analysis of 22 projects, it was observed that the majority of the courses (31.8%) complied with the DCNsCGSC in terms of total workload, internship, final paper, and complementary activities. The term "bachelor's degree in public health" is the main denomination (77.3%). Most courses are in the northern region (27%) and federal institutions (68.5%). In terms of teaching, 274 mentions of mandatory components were identified with the term of reference of the subareas of Public Health. Of these, the areas of health policies, planning, and management represent 66.42% (182) of the components and the social and human sciences in health 9.5% (26). The study elucidated how undergraduate teaching is carried out, adding reflections on the convergence of DCNsCGSC. In addition, it revealed possible gaps in the teaching content necessary for training for professional practice, especially for the consolidation of the Unified Health System.

[Undergraduate teaching in public health: what the pedagogical projects say]. / O ensino na graduação em saúde coletiva: o que dizem os projetos pedagógicos.

To standardize the teaching curriculum, the National Curriculum Guidelines for the Undergraduate Course in Public Health (DCNsCGSC) were set up in 2017. A qualitative and exploratory study with a documental approach was conducted, using the content analysis method, to analyze teaching in undergraduate courses in Public Health in Brazil in the light of Pedagogical Projects. After analysis of 22 projects, it was observed that the majority of the courses (31.8%) complied with the DCNsCGSC in terms of total workload, internship, final paper, and complementary activities. The term "bachelor's degree in public health" is the main denomination (77.3%). Most courses are in the northern region (27%) and federal institutions (68.5%). In terms of teaching, 274 mentions of mandatory components were identified with the term of reference of the subareas of Public Health. Of these, the areas of health policies, planning, and management represent 66.42% (182) of the components and the social and human sciences in health 9.5% (26). The study elucidated how undergraduate teaching is carried out, adding reflections on the convergence of DCNsCGSC. In addition, it revealed possible gaps in the teaching content necessary for training for professional practice, especially for the consolidation of the Unified Health System.

Em 2017, para nortear o currículo de ensino, são apresentadas as Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais do Curso de Graduação em Saúde Coletiva (DCNsCGSC). Com o objetivo de analisar o ensino nos cursos de graduação em saúde coletiva no brasil à luz dos projetos pedagógicos, realizamos um estudo qualitativo e exploratório com abordagem documental, utilizando o método da análise de conteúdo. Depois da análise de 22 projetos, observou-se que a maioria dos cursos segue ou se adequou (31,8%) às DCNsCGSC quanto a carga horária total, estágio, trabalho de conclusão e atividades complementares. A nomenclatura bacharelado em saúde coletiva é a principal denominação (77,3%). A maioria dos cursos está na região Norte (27,%) e em instituições federais (68,5%). Sobre o ensino, foram identificadas 274 citações de componentes obrigatórios com o termo de referência das subáreas da saúde coletiva. Desses, o eixo de políticas, planejamento e gestão em saúde, representa 66,42% (182) dos componentes e as ciências sociais e humanas em saúde 9,50% (26). O estudo elucidou como é realizado o ensino na graduação, agregando reflexões sobre a convergência das DCNsCGSC. Além disso, revela possíveis lacunas dos conteúdos de ensino necessários à formação para a atuação profissional, sobretudo para a consolidação do Sistema Único de Saúde.

Use of the Maslach Burnout Inventory Among Public Health Care Professionals: Protocol for a Scoping Review.

BACKGROUND: Burnout syndrome is a chronic response to stressors in the workplace. It is characterized by emotional exhaustion and physical and mental burnout and may lead to high employee turnover, work absenteeism, and increased occupational accidents. Most studies use the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) to identify burnout and implement preventive actions and treatments. OBJECTIVE: This study presents a scoping review protocol to identify and map studies that used MBI to assess burnout syndrome in health care professionals working in public health services. METHODS: This scoping review protocol follows the Joanna Briggs Institute reviewers' manual, and this protocol consists of 6 stages: identifying the research question, identifying relevant studies, study selection, data extraction and coding, analysis and interpretation of results, and consultation with stakeholders. We will conduct searches in Embase, LILACS, PubMed/MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Scopus, Web of Science databases, and gray literature. The main research question is as follows: how is MBI used to identify burnout syndrome in health care professionals working in public health services? Inclusion criteria will comprise qualitative and quantitative studies using MBI to identify burnout syndrome in health care professionals working in public health services and no restrictions in language and publication dates. Data will be extracted using a spreadsheet adapted from the Joanna Briggs Institute model. Quantitative and qualitative data will be analyzed using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis, respectively. The consultation with stakeholders will be essential for increasing the knowledge about MBI, identifying new evidence, and developing future strategies to guide public policies preventing burnout syndrome in health care professionals working in public services. RESULTS: This protocol will guide a scoping review to identify and map studies that used MBI to identify burnout syndrome in health care professionals working in public health services. The results of this review may be useful to public health care professionals, managers, policymakers, and the general population because these findings will help understand the validated, translated, and adapted versions of MBI and domains, number of items, Likert scales, and cutoff points or the latent profile analysis most used in the literature. Furthermore, possible research gaps may be identified to guide future studies. All information regarding the stages of the scoping review favor its transparency and allow it to be methodologically replicated according to the principles of open science, thereby reducing the risk of bias and data duplication. CONCLUSIONS: This study may reveal the multiplicity of scales described in the literature and the different forms of assessing burnout syndrome in health care professionals. This study may help to standardize the assessment of burnout syndrome in health care professionals working in public health services and contribute to the discussion and knowledge dissemination about burnout syndrome and mental health in this population. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): DERR1-10.2196/42338.

Estudo bibliométrico da produção científica da Revista Brasileira de Geriatria e Gerontologia entre 2014 e 2019 / Bibliometric study of the scientific production of Brazilian Journal of Geriatrics and Gerontology between 2014 and 2019

Resumo Objetivo Descrever e analisar o perfil das publicações da Revista Brasileira de Geriatria e Gerontologia (RBGG) entre 2014 e 2019. Método Trata-se de um estudo bibliométrico da produção científica da RBGG, durante o período de janeiro de 2014 a dezembro de 2019. A coleta de dados foi realizada por quatro pesquisadoras independentes, previamente treinadas e orientadas para a uniformização desse processo. Os dados coletados foram dispostos numa planilha no Microsoft Excel® e analisados no programa Stata versão 10.0. As variáveis analisadas foram organizadas em quatro eixos: identificação da publicação; tipo de estudo; autores; e processo editorial. Resultados Publicou-se um total de 504 estudos de 2014 a 2019, destes, 75% são artigos originais e 13,49% de revisão, 95,4% dos autores eram de nacionalidade brasileira e as instituições de afiliação eram majoritariamente do Sudeste (41,8%) e Sul (28,68%). A abordagem quantitativa foi predominante (70,5%) e as temáticas que se destacaram foram saúde pública (33,1%), doenças (19,9%) e assistência em saúde (19,4%). O tempo de aprovação apresentou uma redução média de quatro meses e o de publicação três meses. Conclusão Houve um aumento no número de publicações durante o período analisado, com destaque para artigos originais e estudos quantitativos. A diversidade de temas revela a tendência mais abrangente, para além daquelas centradas na doença, e mais para processos biopsicossociais e comportamentais, conforme verificado nos estudos em saúde pública. O processo editorial tem se mostrado célere com redução expressiva no tempo entre o recebimento e a publicação, e aumento no quantitativo de aprovação dos artigos recebidos.

Abstract Objective To describe and analyze the profile of publications of the Revista Brasileira de Geriatria e Gerontologia (RBGG) from 2014 to 2019. Method This is a bibliometric study of the scientific production of RBGG, during the period from January 2014 to December 2019. Data collection was performed by four independent researchers, previously trained and oriented to standardize this process. The collected data were arranged in a spreadsheet in Microsoft Excel® and analyzed using the Stata version 10.0 program. The analyzed variables were organized into four axes: Publication identification; Kind of study; Authors; and Editorial process. Results A total of 504 studies were published from 2014 to 2019, of which 75% are original articles and 13.49% reviews, 95.4% of the authors were Brazilian nationals and affiliation institutions were mostly in the Southeast (41.8%) and South (28.68%). The quantitative approach (70.5%) was predominant and the themes that stood out were public health (33.1%), diseases (19.9%), and health care (19.4%). The approval time showed a reduction lasted an average of four months and the publication three months. Conclusion There was an increase in the number of publications during the analyzed period, with emphasis on original articles and quantitative studies. The diversity of themes reveals the most common trend, beyond those centered on the disease, and more towards biopsychosocial and behavioral processes, as verified in studies in public health. The editorial process was rapid with a significant reduction in the time between receipt and publication, and an increase in the amount of approval of the articles received.

Graduação em saúde coletiva: o que dizem os Projetos Pedagógicos / Graduation in public health: what the Pedagogical Projects say

O objeto de estudo desta dissertação é a formação do sanitarista no nível de graduação. Delimita-se na história dos cursos de graduação em Saúde Coletiva e no desenho formativo realizado para a nova profissão. Objetiva-se analisar a formação na graduação em Saúde Coletiva dos cursos existentes no Brasil à luz dos Projetos Pedagógicos dos Cursos. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo e exploratório com abordagem documental, utilizando o método da análise de conteúdo, na modalidade temática segundo a técnica de Minayo (2014). Os resultados demonstram uma abertura gradual dos cursos, com concentração entre 2008-2009, sendo o último em 2019, estão organizados nas regiões brasileiras em maior número na região norte, com 27.3%. A maioria dos cursos segue ou se adequou às Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais do Curso de Graduação em Saúde Coletiva (DCNsCGSC), com predominância de carga horária igual ou superior a 3.200 horas, duração de oito a nove semestres e média de quatro anos, com turno noturno em 45,5% dos cursos. A oferta média é de 1.864 vagas/ano, 68% dos cursos em universidades federais e 77.3% com nomenclatura bacharelado em Saúde Coletiva. Dos 18 cursos avaliados pelo Ministério da Educação (MEC), 67% são avaliados com conceito 5. A formação permite uma construção do conhecimento de forma gradativa a partir das bases da Saúde Coletiva. Os cursos articulam-se com os serviços e sistemas de saúde do SUS e com a comunidade através de aulas práticas, estágios, pesquisa e projetos de extensão fortalecendo o contato prático dos alunos com situações reais de saúde da população. Conclui-se que, embora o país esteja em uma crise na educação superior, os cursos de graduação em Saúde Coletiva apresentam-se na contramão dessa realidade. Não obstante, as DCNsCGSC não estejam em vigor pela não publicação pelo MEC em Diário Oficial, os cursos estão em convergência com as mesmas. A formação segue as bases da Saúde Coletiva, de modo que cumpre o objetivo de fortalecimento do SUS para a formação de recursos humanos em saúde (AU).

The object of study of this dissertation is the training of the public health professional at the undergraduate level. It is delimited in the history of undergraduate courses in Public Health and in the training design carried out for the new profession. The objective is to analyze the undergraduate training in Public Health of the existing courses in Brazil in the light of the Pedagogical Projects of the Courses. This is a qualitative and exploratory study with a documental approach, using the method of content analysis, in the thematic modality according to Minayo's technique (2014). The results show a gradual opening of courses, with a concentration between 2008-2009, the last being in 2019, organized in the Brazilian regions in greater numbers in the northern region, with 27.3%. Most courses follow or fit the National Curriculum Guidelines of the Undergraduate Course in Public Health (DCNsCGSC), with a predominance of hours equal to or greater than 3,200 hours, duration of eight to nine semesters, and an average of four years, with night classes in 45.5% of the courses. The average offer is 1,864 places/year, 68% of the courses in federal universities and 77.3% with a bachelor's degree in Public Health. Of the 18 courses evaluated by the Ministry of Education (MEC), 67% are evaluated with a grade of 5. Training allows a gradual construction of knowledge based on the foundations of Public Health. The courses are articulated with UHS health services and systems and with the community through practical classes, internships, research, and extension projects, strengthening students' practical contact with real health situations in the population. Therefore, although the country is in a crisis in higher education, the undergraduate courses in Public Health are against this reality. However, the DCNsCGSC are not in force due to the non-publication by the MEC in the Official Gazette, the courses are in convergence with them. The training follows the basis of Collective Health so that it fulfills the objective of strengthening the UHS for the training of human resources in health (AU).